Biological tissue for surgical implantation

ABSTRACT

A method of treating a biological tissue that enables dry storage of said tissue is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting the biological tissue with a non-aqueous treatment solution comprising a polyhydric alcohol and a C 1 -C 3  alcohol and removing a portion of the treatment solution from the solution-treated biological tissue. Also disclosed is biological tissue prepared using the above process and prosthetic devices made with such tissue.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/406,862, filed May 8, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/929,606, filed Jun. 27, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/189,036, filed Jul. 22, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,918,832, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/877,548, filed Oct. 23, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,007,992, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 60/854,938, filed Oct. 27, 2006, the contents all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention is directed to the preparation or storage of biological tissues used for surgical implantation. The invention is also directed to biological tissues and bioprosthetic devices containing such tissues.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Animal tissue that is often used in implantable bioprosthetic devices or to repair damaged tissue in a patient is typically provided to medical personnel stored with or previously treated with chemical agents such as formaldehyde and/or glutaraldehyde. This chemical treatment helps to prevent rejection of the implanted bioprosthetic device by the recipient, provides for sterilization and helps to stabilize the proteins in the tissue, thereby making the tissue or device containing such tissue more resistant to mechanical fatigue and degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, for example, stabilize the tissue by forming cross-links with collagen and other proteins in the tissue. Also, the tissue is often stored in a dilute aqueous solution containing glutaraldehyde (and/or formaldehyde) to maintain the tissue components in a hydrated state and to maintain a microbe-free environment. However, tissue containing these agents must be extensively rinsed prior to surgical implantation. Moreover, an important consideration in selecting a biological tissue for implantation is that the tissue should be readily available to medical personnel in as close to a ready-to-use form as possible, that is, with minimal preparation prior to surgery. This reduces the opportunities for error and also the implantation time.

Attempts have been made to develop procedures to pre-treat biological tissue and bioprosthetic devices containing biological tissue so that such tissue and devices can be provided to medical personnel substantially free of formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, and to provide the biological tissue in a substantially dry form that is ready for implantation or rehydration. One attempt to address this issue involved immersing the biological tissue in aqueous C₁-C₃ alcohol, for example aqueous ethanol solutions, see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,277,555 and 6,630,001 to Duran et al. The solution treated tissue is then immersed in an aqueous glycerol solution or low molecular weight (<1000 D) polyethylene glycol. Thereafter, the tissue is briefly immersed in aqueous heparin solution, frozen and lyophilized.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,243 describes the preparation of biological collagenous tissue for surgical implantation. The preparation of the tissue includes contacting the tissue with fresh amounts of a water-miscible organic solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, methylethylketone and mixtures thereof. The excess alcohol is then removed at a pressure of between 0.1 bar to 1.0 bar. However, it is known that such dehydration processes significantly reduce the overall dimensions of the tissue, that is, the tissue shrinks. Also, biological tissue subject to this dehydration process cannot be successfully rehydrated and returned to substantially its original dimensions. As a result, bioprosthetic devices comprising tissue components that have undergone such a dehydration process are not good candidates for implantation. See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,004, col. 1, lines 53-65.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,004 describes a process of providing bioprosthetic devices containing a biological tissue for dry storage. The process includes treating the biological tissue with an aqueous solution of organic compounds having a plurality of hydroxyl groups (e.g., polyhydric alcohols, polyglycols or water soluble carbohydrates). One of the more preferred treatment solutions is an aqueous solution of glycerol or derivatives of glycerol. The biological tissue is immersed in this solution, removed and permitted to dry in air. The tissue is then sterilized and packaged for storage.

All the foregoing prior art approaches to preparing tissue for dry storage require the use of aqueous solutions. However, the use of aqueous solutions makes the tissue susceptible to microbial contamination. It is desirable, therefore, to totally eliminate water from the process and to thus render the dried tissue less prone to microbes. The present invention provides such a process. It provides new methods for preparing biological tissue or bioprosthetic devices containing such tissue suitable for sterile dry storage, and available to medical personnel in as close to ready-to-use form as possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating a biological tissue that enables dry storage of said tissue is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting the biological tissue with a non-aqueous treatment solution comprising a polyhydric alcohol and a C₁-C₃ alcohol and removing a portion of the treatment solution from the solution-treated biological tissue. The polyhydric alcohol concentration can be 40-95% and the C₁-C₃ alcohol concentration can be 5-60% by volume. The time of contact between the tissue and treatment solution can be varied to control the treatment process. For example, in some embodiments, the step of contacting the biological tissue with the treatment solution is performed for a time of greater than 30 minutes.

In some embodiment, the polyhydric alcohol is glycerol and the C₁-C₃ alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol or a mixture thereof.

The biological tissue to be treated can be mammalian tissue, for example, a tissue selected from the group consisting of pericardium, aortic and pulmonary roots and valves, tendons, ligaments, skin, dura, peritoneum, blood vessels, pleura, diameter, mitral and tricuspid valves.

In one embodiment, the treatment method further comprises placing the biological tissue ready for sterilized containment in a package form, wherein the package form is pre-sterilized or sterilized following the placement of the tissue in the package form, and sealing the package form.

Also disclosed herein is a sealed package containing a sterilized solution-treated, biological tissue for surgical implantation into a human, wherein the solution-treated, biological tissue is prepared by one of the embodiments of the above-described treatment process. Further, a sterilized solution-treated, biological tissue for surgical implantation into a human is disclosed wherein the sterilized, solution-treated biological tissue prepared by one of the embodiments of the above-described treatment process. Also disclosed is a heart valve prosthesis that comprises a collapsible, elastic valve member, wherein the valve member comprises a biological tissue that is solution-treated, using one of the embodiments of the above-described treatment process, an elastic stent member in which the valve member is mounted, the stent member having internal and external surfaces and a support coupled to the valve member and positioned between the valve member and the stent member, wherein the stent member forms a continuous surface and comprises strut members that provide a structure sufficiently rigid to prevent eversion, and the support extends from the internal surface of the stent member to the external surface of the stent member, and wherein the stent member has sufficient radial and longitudinal rigidity to withstand the radial force necessary for implantation, to resist aortic recoil forces, and to provide long-term support to the valve prosthesis. In one embodiment, the heart valve prosthesis is provided in sterilized form and ready for surgical implantation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a method of treating a biological tissue of a mammal for preparation or storage. Ideally, the method provides biological tissue or bioprosthetic devices containing such tissue ready for surgical implantation, or for rehydration, e.g., with physiologic saline. One embodiment of the invention utilizes a non-aqueous combination of a polyhydric alcohol and a C₁-C₃ alcohol. The method comprises contacting the biological tissue with a treatment solution comprising greater than 35% by volume of a polyhydric alcohol and the balance of a C₁-C₃ alcohol. The treatment solution contains no water, i.e., it is non-aqueous. For tissue that is stored in a sterile storage solution for example a fixative solution, contact of the biological tissue with the treatment solution, e.g., by immersing the tissue in the solution, is maintained for a time sufficient to exchange a substantial portion of the pre-storage fluid, which may be aqueous, within the interstitial volume of the tissue with the treatment solution. The method also includes removing a portion of the treatment solution from the solution-treated tissue to provide a biological tissue ready for sterilized containment.

As used herein, a “polyhydric alcohol” is an organic molecule that contains a plurality of carbon atoms and two or more hydroxyl groups, wherein the hydroxyl groups are attached to carbon atoms. Exemplary polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, butylene glycol and derivatives of glycerol. Two of the more preferred polyhydric alcohols used in the process are glycerol and propylene glycol, and derivatives of glycerol or propylene glycol. Of course, one or more polyhydric alcohols in the form of a mixture can be used in the process. Thus, it is to be understood that the term “a polyhydric alcohol” is inclusive of a mixture of two or more polyhydric alcohols. For example, a mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol can be used in the process.

The biological tissue used in various embodiments of the invention can be mammalian tissue, including human tissue, such as tissue obtained from human donors or cadavers. Bovine, ovine, equine, and porcine tissue can also be used. The types of tissue used in these embodiments is the same tissue used in common surgical procedures, and includes pericardium, aortic and pulmonary roots and valves, tendons, ligaments, skin, peritoneum, fascia, pleura, mitral and tricuspid valves.

One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the treatment processes in accordance with some embodiments of the invention can be practiced with fixed tissue or native tissue. In some instances the biological tissue used in the process has been previously fixed by treating the tissue with a fixative solution. As used herein “fixed” tissue is one in which the proteins thereof have reduced solubility, antigenicity, and biodegrading properties as compared to the proteins in the native tissue. Typically, the tissue is fixed by cross-linking the amine groups of the proteins of the tissue with an aldehyde. The tissue fixation process can include chemical and/or enzyme decellularization steps. The fixed tissue is rinsed to substantially reduce the amount of unreacted fixative within the tissue. In other instances, the biological tissue is temporarily stored in a buffered saline solution prior to the inventive treatment disclosed in this application.

The biological tissue is contacted with a treatment solution, e.g., by immersing the tissue in the solution. In some embodiments, the volume of the treatment solution is at least two times, at least fifty times or at least one hundred times, the volume of the biological tissue that is brought into contact with the solution. If the biological tissue is to be attached to a bioprosthetic device for implantation, the tissue can be treated with the treatment solution prior to its attachment or after its attachment to the bioprosthetic device. For example, bovine pericardium can be treated with the treatment solution prior to the time it is formed into a heart valve, vascular graft, stent covering, or pericardial patch or after the bovine pericardium is formed into a heart valve, vascular graft, stent covering, or pericardial patch.

The C₁-C₃ alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-propanol. Ethanol is the preferred alcohol used in the process. Again, it is to be understood that the term “a C₁-C₃ alcohol” is inclusive of a mixture of two or more C₁-C₃ alcohols. For example, a mixture of ethanol and isopropanol can be used in the process.

The inventors have discovered that the concentration of the polyhydric alcohol relative to the C₁-C₃ alcohol affects the dimensional stability of the biological tissue during storage. One other factor related to the dimensional stability of the tissue is the type of tissue itself. For some biological tissue, the treatment solution will comprise 70% to 95% by volume of a polyhydric alcohol and 5% to 30% by volume of a C₁-C₃ alcohol. For example, applicants have determined that for bovine pericardium heart valve the treatment solution will preferably comprise 70% to 95% by volume of a polyhydric alcohol, and 5% to 30% by volume of a C₁-C₃ alcohol.

For tissue stored in a storage solution or fixative, by contacting the biological tissue with the non-aqueous treatment solution water is removed from the interstitial volume of the tissue, rendering the tissue substantially dry.

Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the biological tissue can be contacted with the treatment solution in one or more separate contacting steps. Instead of contacting the tissue with the treatment solution in a single treatment step, the contact step can be repeated one or more times using treatment solutions of the same or similar concentrations of polyhydric alcohol and C₁-C₃ alcohol. For example, two immersion baths containing the same treatment solutions can be arranged. The biological tissue containing a pre-storage fluid is immersed in the first bath for a first time period. The tissue is then removed from the first bath and immersed in the second bath for a second time period. Of course, one of ordinary skill may determine that the respective concentrations of the polyhydric alcohol and the C₁-C₃ alcohol in each of the two baths are different, yet within the stated and claimed amounts.

The time of contact between the biological tissue and the treatment solutions is somewhat dependent on the thickness and type of the tissue. As can be expected, with a relatively thick tissue more time of contact is typically needed. Additionally, as is well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, process variables such as agitation, temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc., will affect the needed time of contact.

The preparation of a polyhydric alcohol and C₁-C₃ alcohol mixture (for example, a 75%-25% mixture) can take several hours with stirring. The time needed to treat tissue with this solution depends on many factors above mentioned and can take up to several hours. In many cases, the process will involve maintaining biological tissue with the treatment solution for eight hours or more. In some instances, the time of exposure can exceed twelve, sixteen or twenty-four hours.

Once the biological tissue has been sufficiently exposed to the treatment solution, the tissue is removed from the solution and exposed to ambient air or an inert environment, e.g., nitrogen, at standard room temperature and humidity so as not to adversely affect tissue properties (typically, at a temperature from about 15° C. to about 25° C., and relative humidity preferably less than about 50%). Preferably, the drying is performed in a clean room or in a laminar flow bench at ambient room conditions for about 1-4 hours.

The treated and dried tissue or a bioprosthetic device containing the treated and dried tissue is then packaged in a container or package essentially free of liquid for subsequent rehydration or implantation. A container or package that is “essentially free of liquid” means a non-fluid environment in which the presence of water or other substances is limited to approximately the content of such substances in ambient air (as more precisely defined by the relative humidity). The tissue or the bioprosthetic device containing the tissue is placed into a micro-organism resistant container or package. One preferred method is to apply a vacuum to the package to minimize the level of O₂, and may additionally utilize a backfill of an inert gas, such as nitrogen. Such methods of sterile packaging are known to those skilled in the art. The packaged treated tissue can then be sterilized by a gaseous sterilization process or by an exposure to ionizing radiation including standard gamma and E-Beam methods. To ensure that the chamber remains sterile following sterilization, the package members are formed from a material that is impenetrable to micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi. After the tissue or bioprosthetic device containing such tissue is placed in the chamber and/or sterilized, the chamber is sealed.

Sterilization by exposure to ionizing radiation or sterilizing gas, particularly by exposure to ethylene oxide, is within the skill of the art. In a preferred embodiment, the tissue is sterilized by exposing the tissue to gamma radiation. Examples of conventional procedures for sterilization by exposure to ethylene oxide involve exposure to 10% ethylene oxide and 90% hydrochlorofluorocarbon at a chamber pressure of 8 to 10 psig at a temperature of 38° C. for 24 hours or at a temperature of 54-57° C. for 130 minutes.

The resulting product is a substantially sterile and sealed implantable tissue or bioprosthetic device containing such tissue present in a substantially dry form. It is especially well-suited for surgical implantation into human patients for the treatment of any number of diseases or conditions. Prior to surgical implantation, the biological tissue or bioprosthetic device containing such tissue is removed from the package, and the tissue component optionally rehydrated by exposure to an aqueous solution, preferably a sterile aqueous solution. The tissue can be rehydrated by multiple soakings in a sterile solution such as physiologic saline. The glycerol in the tissue can be easily washed off by saline. The majority of glycerol is eluted out by washing the tissue in saline for about 3-5 minutes.

The described method of treating biological tissue and the subsequent packaging of the tissue or device containing such tissue eliminates the need to sterilize the tissue or the bioprosthetic devices by medical personnel prior to surgical implantation. The described method provides greater manufacturing control in preparing tissue and bioprosthetic devices for surgical implantation. In other words, the process of preparing the tissue or prosthetic device for implantation need not occur at the hospital or in the operating room. Again, the only step that may be required of medical personnel is to rehydrate the tissue, or the tissue on the bioprosthetic device, with physiologic saline or other suitable rehydrating agents.

The described method provides a biological tissue or bioprosthetic devices containing such tissue with dimensional stability that is essentially ready for surgical implantation into a patient. Biological tissue treated in accordance with the methods described and claimed in this application will typically return to a size that is at least about 97%, more preferably at least about 99% of its original hydrated size following dry storage for about 24 hours and rehydration in physiologic saline for about 5 minutes. Accordingly, biological tissue prepared in accordance with the described and claimed method are well-suited for use in an implantable bioprosthetic device, and in particular, a blood-contacting bioprosthetic device that is implanted into the cardiovascular system of a patient.

An embodiment of the invention is also directed to a bioprosthetic device that includes a pericardium tissue heart valve processed by the methods described in this application. As mentioned, the pericardium tissue can be processed according to the described methods prior to or following its attachment to the device. The heart valve has multiple leaflets joined together at a periphery of the valve at valve commissures (a portion of the holder) that are generally axially aligned and evenly disposed about a valve axis. The valve commissures are each disposed between adjacent curvilinear valve cusps along the periphery of the valve. The bioprosthetic heart valve may further include a holder that comprises a plurality of cusp supports arranged around an axis to contact the heart valve generally along the valve cusps. The pericardium heart valve attached to the holder is prepared and treated by the method described in this application. A more complete description of a bioprosthetic heart valve is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,281, which is assigned to Edwards Lifesciences, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated into this application by reference.

Example 1

Bovine pericardium fixed in the presence of glutaraldehyde is dissected to remove loose tissue and fat and sliced into discs having a thickness and diameter as noted in Tables 1 and 2. The dimensions of each disc are measured prior to treatment, and each of the discs is immersed in the various treatment solution compositions reported in Tables 1 and 2. The treatment solutions are prepared approximately 16 hours prior to use of the solutions. The tissue is immersed in each of the various solution compositions at a solution: tissue volume ratio of 100:1. The tissue maintains contact with the various treatment solutions for approximately 16 hours, after which the tissue is carefully removed from the solution, excess liquid is allowed to drain from the tissue and the tissue dried by air. The dimensions of each of the discs are again measured. After 16 hours in the dried form, each of the discs is rehydrated in normal saline. The rehydrated dimensions are again measured.

The treated and dried tissue is pliable and does not crack or break by physical manipulations. It is rehydrated by immersion in, for example, physiological buffered saline for approximately 5 minutes at ambient temperature. After rehydration, the tissue is indistinguishable in appearance from the original (untreated) fixed tissue.

As shown by the data of Tables 1 and 2, the tissue maintains dimensional stability for all ranges of composition evaluated. However, for more critical dimensional, considerations, e.g. bioprosthetic heart valves, treatment solution compositional ranges between about 50 to 95% glycerol, and the balance alcohol are preferred.

Similar results were obtained from measurements of tissue thickness following rehydration. In this case, there was no observed difference in tissue thickness for those disks treated with a solution at a volume ratio of glycerol:ethanol from 80:20 to 50:50.

Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and/or substitutions are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as disclosed in the claims.

TABLE 1 Composition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glycerol (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Ethanol (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tissue disc diameter (mm) (Mean ± SD) Before Treatment 8.12 ± 0.06 8.26 ± 0.11 8.14 ± 0.07 8.14 ± 0.10 8.14 ± 0.08 8.20 ± 0.16 8.23 ± 0.11  8.2 ± 0.09 Treated Dehydrated 8.06 ± 0.04 8.12 ± 0.07 8.00 ± 0.05 8.02 ± 0.02 7.93 ± 0.03 7.81 ± 0.11 7.66 ± 0.09 7.25 ± 0.35 Treated Rehydrated 8.20 ± 0.23 8.23 ± 0.07 8.12 ± 0.06 8.14 ± 0.10 8.10 ± 0.10 8.11 ± 0.18 8.01 ± 0.11 7.89 ± 0.15

TABLE 2 Composition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glycerol (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Ethanol (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tissue thickness (mm) (Mean ± SD) Before Treatment 0.34 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.06 0.38 ± 0.06 Glycerol Treated Dehydrated 0.39 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.06 0.38 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.07 0.34 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.07 Glycerol Treated Rehydrated 0.35 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.06 

What is claimed is:
 1. A packaged bioprosthetic device comprising: a bioprosthetic device comprising a fixed biological tissue, wherein the fixed biological tissue is preserved with propylene glycol; and a sealed packaging containing the fixed biological tissue.
 2. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the fixed biological tissue is cross-linked with an aldehyde.
 3. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 2, wherein the aldehyde is a glutaraldehyde.
 4. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the fixed biological tissue has been subjected to one or both of a chemical decellularization and an enzyme decellularization.
 5. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the fixed biological tissue is selected from the group consisting of a pericardium, an aortic root, a pulmonary root, a valve, a tendon, a ligament, a skin, a peritoneum, a facia, and a pleura.
 6. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 5, wherein the pericardium is a bovine pericardium.
 7. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the bioprosthetic device is selected from the group consisting of a heart valve, a vascular graft, a stent covering, and a pericardial patch.
 8. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the bioprosthetic device is sterilized.
 9. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 1, wherein the fixed biological tissue is dimensionally stable.
 10. A packaged bioprosthetic device comprising: a bioprosthetic device comprising a fixed biological tissue, wherein the fixed biological tissue comprises propylene glycol; and a sealed packaging containing the fixed biological tissue.
 11. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the fixed biological tissue is cross-linked with an aldehyde.
 12. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 11, wherein the aldehyde is a glutaraldehyde.
 13. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the fixed biological tissue has been subjected to one or both of a chemical decellularization and an enzyme decellularization.
 14. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the fixed biological tissue is selected from the group consisting of a pericardium, an aortic root, a pulmonary root, a valve, a tendon, a ligament, a skin, a peritoneum, a facia, and a pleura.
 15. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 14, wherein the pericardium is a bovine pericardium.
 16. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the bioprosthetic device is selected from the group consisting of a heart valve, a vascular graft, a stent covering, and a pericardial patch.
 17. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the bioprosthetic device is sterilized.
 18. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 10, wherein the fixed biological tissue is dimensionally stable.
 19. A packaged bioprosthetic heart valve comprising: a bioprosthetic heart valve comprising a stent, and a fixed biological tissue, wherein the fixed biological tissue is crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and preserved with propylene glycol; and a sealed packaging containing the fixed biological tissue; wherein the bioprosthetic heart valve is sterilized.
 20. The packaged bioprosthetic device of claim 20, wherein the fixed biological tissue has been subjected to one or both of a chemical decellularization and an enzyme decellularization. 